Welcome to My Blog on D.N.A!
Hello and welcome!
✨️( ^-' )✨️
In this blog, we embark on an exciting journey into the world of D.N.A, the fundamental building block of life. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) carries the genetic instructions that determine everything from our physical traits to our susceptibility to certain diseases. We’ll explore the structure and function of D.N.A, its role in heredity, and the groundbreaking advancements in genetic research that are shaping the future of medicine and biotechnology. Whether you’re a science enthusiast or just curious about what makes us who we are, I invite you to read this as we unravel the mysteries of D.N.A and its profound impact on life as we know it!
꧁¸.•*¨*🌺☙↶Blog Topic↷❧🌺*¨*•.¸꧂
𓂃𓈒- ̗̀꒰ঌ☘️⇣↷below↶☘️⇣໒꒱ ̖́-𓂃𓈒
What is D.N.A.❓⤵️
D.N.A. stand for DeoxyriboNucleic Acid, is the molecule that carries the genetic instructions essential for the development, functioning, growth, and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses. It serves as the blueprint for life, providing the information needed to build and maintain an organism's cells and pass genetic traits from one generation to the next.
Here are the key features of D.N.A:⤵️
1.Structure:⤵️
- D.N.A consists of two long strands forming a double helix. Each strand is made of simpler molecules called nucleotides, which are composed of three parts:
- A phosphate group
- A deoxyribose sugar
- One of four nitrogenous bases (adenine, thymine, cytosine, or guanine)
The “four nitrogenous bases” are essential components of D.N.A and R.N.A, which store and transmit genetic information in living organisms. These bases are nitrogen-containing molecules that serve as the building blocks of the genetic code.
- Ribonucleic acid stand for R.N.A is a molecule that is present in the majority of living organisms and viruses. It is made up of nucleotides, which are ribose sugars attached to nitrogenous bases and phosphate groups.
In DNA, the four nitrogenous bases are:⤵️
1. Adenine (A) – A purine base, which is a double-ring structure. It pairs with thymine in DNA through two hydrogen bonds.
2. Thymine (T) – A pyrimidine base, which has a single-ring structure. In DNA, thymine pairs with adenine.
3. Guanine (G) – Another purine base with a double-ring structure. It pairs with cytosine through three hydrogen bonds.
4. Cytosine (C) – A pyrimidine base that pairs with guanine in DNA.
In the structure of D.N.A, these bases pair up specifically:
Adenine pairs with Thymine (A-T), and Guanine pairs with Cytosine (G-C). These pairings are important because they help maintain the stability of the DNA double helix structure.
In R.N.A, the base uracil (U) replaces thymine, so adenine pairs with uracil (A-U). R.N.A usually exists as a single strand, unlike DNA’s double-stranded helix.
The sequence of these nitrogenous bases in D.N.A and R.N.A determines the genetic instructions for building proteins and regulating various cellular processes.
- The nitrogenous bases pair up between the two strands:
- Adenine (A) pairs with Thymine (T)
- Cytosine (C) pairs with Guanine (G) This pairing is called complementary base pairing.
- The sequence of the bases (A, T, C, G) along the D.N.A strands forms the genetic code, which determines the instructions for building proteins. Proteins are responsible for most of the functions in a living organism.
- D.N.A can replicate itself. When cells divide, the D.N.A is copied so that each new cell receives an identical set of genetic information. This is crucial for growth, repair, and reproduction.
- The primary role of D.N.A is to store genetic information, but it also controls the production of proteins through processes called transcription and translation, essential for all cellular functions.
In 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick, with contributions from Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins, discovered the structure of D.N.A, which has since revolutionized biology and medicine. D.N.A discovered for enabled a deeper understanding of genetic information and biological processes.
D.N.A, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is a type of molecule that contains genetic information essential to the growth, development, function, and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses.
Here are some basic details about D.N.A:⤵️
D.N.A consists of two strands that form a double helix. Each strand is made up of nucleotides, which in turn are made up of three parts: a phosphate group, a deoxyribose sugar, and one of four nitrogenous bases (adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine).
Nitrogenous bases on one strand pair with bases on the other strand: adenine pairs with thymine, and cytosine pairs with guanine. This pairing is called complementary base pairing.
The sequence of bases in D.N.A determines the genetic code. This genetic code is used to encode the information needed for the production of proteins through the process of transcription and translation.
D.N.A has the ability to replicate or reproduce itself. This is an important process to ensure that genetic information is passed from one cell to its daughter cell, and from one generation to the next.
The main function of D.N.A is to store the genetic information necessary for the development, functioning, and reproduction of organisms. DNA also controls the synthesis of proteins, which are essential to all biological functions.
❀☙- ̗̀꒰ঌ👍໒꒱ ̖́-❧❀
It is first necessary to determine which part of the DNA is to be modified. It may be a specific gene that has a mutation or a specific sequence that needs to be replaced.
CRISPR-Cas9 is a popular gene editing technology. CRISPR (stand for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and the Cas9 protein are used to identify and cut specific pieces of D.N.A.
WHAT is Cas9?⤵️
Cas9 is a protein used in the CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing technology, which can target and cut specific DNA sequences. It is an RNA-guided endonuclease that cleaves double-stranded DNA at a specific location, which can then allow researchers to modify or replace genes. The Cas9 protein comes from bacteria and is part of the natural defense system of these microorganisms against invading viruses. CRISPR-Cas9 technology has revolutionized genetic research and has the potential to transform medicine and biotechnology.
Once the target piece of D.N.A has been identified, the Cas9 protein is used to cut the D.N.A at the exact place to be modified.
After D.N.A is cut, a new gene or sequence can be added, or a section of D.N.A can be deleted. This is done through homologous recombination techniques or other D.N.A repair methods.
After editing, it is necessary to check if the D.N.A was edited correctly. This is done through sequencing techniques to ensure there are no unexpected changes or mutations.
If editing is successful, cells with edited D.N.A are propagated and used in further research or applications, such as gene therapy.
❀☙- ̗̀꒰ঌ👍໒꒱ ̖́-❧❀
- In Vivo Gene Therapy: Therapeutic genes are delivered directly into the patient's body using viral vectors (such as adenovirus or lentivirus) or non-viral methods (such as lipid nanoparticles).
- Ex Vivo Gene Therapy: Cells are taken from the patient, they are edited in the laboratory to correct the genetic mutation, and then the edited cells are returned to the patient.
- CRISPR-Cas9 is used to target and cut specific parts of D.N.A with mutations. When D.N.A breaks, the cell uses natural DNA repair mechanisms to replace or repair the damaged part. New sequences can replace the damaged part of the D.N.A to restore the gene to normal function.
- A.S.Os are small pieces of D.N.A or R.N.A designed to bind to specific R.N.A sequences, altering splicing or translation to prevent the production of defective proteins or to correct genetic defects.
- Base Editing: A more precise method of D.N.A editing that allows the direct conversion of one D.N.A base pair to another without having to cut the D.N.A strand.
- Prime Editing: Combines CRISPR technology and reverse transcriptase enzyme to add or change specific D.N.A sequences more precisely and more safely.
- Stem cells taken from the patient are edited in the laboratory to correct genetic defects, then transplanted back into the patient. Edited stem cells can generate new, healthy cells without genetic defects.
- RNAi is used to silence the expression of defective genes. Small interfering RNA - (siRNA) molecules are used to inhibit the translation of specific messenger RNA (mRNA), resulting in mRNA degradation and reduced production of defective proteins.
꧁❀👍❀꧂
If you are in smartphone view version and cannot understand English❓ Click this word "View web Version" or tap "View web Version" below under the Home button to proceed the web version, then pinch zoom in and see BLOGSITE TRANSLATOR then click or tap the "SELECT LANGUAGE" alphabetically below and choose your language to translate.
✵🌺☙- ̗̀꒰ঌ👍໒꒱ ̖́-❧🌺❀✵
For Pilipino viewers:⇢【Naiintindihan ko ang iba kong kababayan na hindi maintindihan ang English, para sa inyo ito ang feature button na ito☙⇢i-Click ang word na itong👉⇢"VIEW WEB VERSION" or i-tap ang 👉⇢"VIEW VIEW VERSION" below sa baba ng 👉⇢HOME button para mapunta sa Web Version. Kung nasa "WEB VIEW VERSION" ka na ay pinch to zoom in pagkatapos ay i-click or pindutin ang "BLOGSITE TRANSLATOR" tapos pindutin ang "SELECT LANGUAGE" piliin ang gustong lenguwahe alphabetically,"BIKOL", "CEBUANO", "FILIPINO", "HILIGAYNON", "ILOKANO", "KAPAMAPANGAN", "PANGASINAN", "WARAY" para i-translate sa TAGALOG, BIKOL, CEBUANO, HILIGAYNON, ILOKANO, KAPAMAPANGAN, PANGASINAN, WARAY para maintindihan.】Enjoy Reading👍
꧁🌼𓏸𓂂𓈒𓂃- ̗̀꒰ঌ🎊໒꒱ ̖́-𓂃𓈒 𓂂𓏸🌼꧂